• Vitamin A – shortened periods of gestation, higher incidence of retained placentas, stillbirths, abortions, mastitis, calves born blind and uncoordinated
• Vitamin E – poor conception rates, higher incidence of stillbirths and newborn mortality
• Phosphorus – poor conception rates, delayed puberty, lower weaning rates, erratic heat
• Calcium – increased calving difficulty, uterine prolapse, retained placenta
• Cobalt – poor conception rates, general reproductive failure;
• Iodine – retained placentas, delayed puberty, arrested fetal development, irregular or suppressed heat, abortion, stillbirths, and calves that are blind, hairless, and have enlarged thyroid glands
• Copper – delayed puberty, abortion, retained placentas
• Iron – general reproductive failure, anemic young; and
• Vitamin E – poor conception rates, higher incidence of stillbirths and newborn mortality
• Phosphorus – poor conception rates, delayed puberty, lower weaning rates, erratic heat
• Calcium – increased calving difficulty, uterine prolapse, retained placenta
• Cobalt – poor conception rates, general reproductive failure;
• Iodine – retained placentas, delayed puberty, arrested fetal development, irregular or suppressed heat, abortion, stillbirths, and calves that are blind, hairless, and have enlarged thyroid glands
• Copper – delayed puberty, abortion, retained placentas
• Iron – general reproductive failure, anemic young; and